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The Cooler is a 2003 American romantic drama film directed by Wayne Kramer. The original screenplay was written by Kramer and Frank Hannah. In old-school gambling parlance, a casino 'cooler' is an unlucky individual, usually a casino employee, whose mere presence at the gambling tables usually results in a streak of bad luck for the other players.

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Martin Scorsese's fascinating new film 'Casino' knows a lot about the Mafia's relationship with Las Vegas. It's based on a book by Nicholas Pileggi, who had full access to a man who once ran four casinos for the mob, and whose true story inspires the movie's plot. Like 'The Godfather,' it makes us feel like eavesdroppers in a secret place. Casino (1995) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. The movie Casino was a 1995 release directed by Martin Scorsese. It starred Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci and Sharon Stone. The plot was inspired by the real-life story of Frank “Lefty” Rosenthal who.

Plot[edit]

Unlucky Bernie Lootz (William H. Macy) works at the Shangri-La casino as a 'cooler' - a man with professionally bad luck designed to stop people from winning. A cocktail waitress, Natalie (Maria Bello), takes no notice of Bernie, who is smitten with her. The casino manager, Shelly (Alec Baldwin) prides himself on running a 'classically' Vegas casino and resents the new places that attract a lower clientele. The owners, however, hire an advisor named Larry (Ron Livingston) to help bring in more money with techniques contrary to Shelly's outdated policies. Bernie informs Shelly that he's leaving town in a week.

After an encounter during which Bernie rescues Natalie from an aggressive customer, she appears to take an interest in him. They begin dating, but Bernie is apprehensive due to his bad luck. He reveals that he used to be a gambling addict in huge debt to several casinos. Shelly 'saved' him by breaking his kneecap and paying off his debt in exchange for Bernie's work as a cooler for 6 years, which ends at the end of the week. Bernie and Natalie run into his estranged son Mikey and his pregnant wife Charlotte who are scamming a diner by faking labor. Bernie tells Mikey to stop by sometime.

Bernie is happy with his relationship and his 'cooling' abilities fade, much to Shelly's chagrin. Mikey and Charlotte come by and Bernie gives them $3000, but Natalie is skeptical of Charlotte's behavior. When Bernie reveals to Natalie he intends to leave Vegas, she says she won't go with him, and Bernie is upset. Now unhappy, his luck turns again and he begins cooling effectively. When he intentionally fails to cool a hot table which is being cheated by Mikey, Shelly takes Mikey and Charlotte upstairs and begins beating them. Bernie promises to pay the $150,000 Mikey was up, but Shelly breaks Mikey's knee and reveals Charlotte's pregnancy was fake anyway. Though distraught, that night, Natalie and Bernie confess their love for one another and Bernie again becomes a good luck charm.

Shelly calls Natalie to his office and reminds her that he hired her to date Bernie so he wouldn't leave Vegas, not to fall in love with him, which has made him both happy and lucky. He forces her to leave town abruptly, which hurts Bernie and ruins his luck. She does truly love Bernie, though, and returns, restoring Bernie's luck. Shelly goes to Bernie's motel room and begins packing for Natalie and hits her, cutting her face. After a tense exchange wherein she claims Bernie is the closest thing Shelly has to a friend and he doesn't want him to leave, he simply leaves her there. When Bernie comes home, she reveals Shelly hired her to pretend to like him, but she actually fell for him.

Directed by Martin Campbell. With Daniel Craig, Eva Green, Judi Dench, Jeffrey Wright. After earning 00 status and a licence to kill, Secret Agent James Bond sets out on his first mission as 007. Bond must defeat a private banker funding terrorists in a high-stakes game of poker at Casino Royale, Montenegro. The Cooler is a 2003 American romantic drama film directed by Wayne Kramer.The original screenplay was written by Kramer and Frank Hannah.In old-school gambling parlance, a casino 'cooler' is an unlucky individual, usually a casino employee, whose mere presence at the gambling tables usually results in a streak of bad luck for the other players.

Banking on his good luck brought on by Natalie's devotion, Bernie confronts Shelly and calls him a coward with nothing in his life but the casino. Shelly lets him go on the condition he pay back the $150,000, which Bernie tries to win at craps. Bernie leaves and he and Natalie drive away from Vegas. He pulls over and reveals that he won a lot of money, but a cop approaches and readies to kill them. Shelly gets in his car and finds his partner waiting for him. On Larry's behalf, he whacks Shelly, presumably for letting Bernie go with his winnings. A drunk driver hits and kills the cop, presumably sent to whack Bernie, and Natalie and Bernie drive off.

Cast[edit]

• William H. Macy as Bernard 'Bernie' Lootz
• Alec Baldwin as Sheldon 'Shelly' Kaplow
• Maria Bello as Natalie Belisario
• Shawn Hatosy as Michael 'Mikey' Lootz
• Ron Livingston as Larry Sokolov
• Paul Sorvino as Buddy Stafford
• Estella Warren as Charlotte
• Arthur J. Nascarella as Nicky 'Fingers' Bonnatto
• Joey Fatone as Johnny Cappella
• Ellen Greene as Doris
• MC Gainey as Highway Patrol Officer
• Michelle Lopez as the Red Headed Craps Player 'cooled' by Bernie
• Timothy Landfield as The Player

Production[edit]

The film premiere was at the Sundance Film Festival. The Cooler was shown at the Cannes Film Festival, the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival, and the Deauville Film Festival, among others, before going into limited release in the United States. During that limited release, The Cooler was primarily shown in Reno, Nevada. The Cooler was mainly filmed in Reno at the Golden Phoenix Reno in Reno. The Golden Phoenix Hotel Casino is now a completed condominium project called The Montage.

In an episode of the Sundance Channel series Anatomy of a Scene, director Wayne Kramer and members of his cast and crew discussed various aspects of The Cooler. In order to show Bernie's evolution from loser to winner, costume designer Kristin M. Burke dressed him in suits and clothes that progressively became better fits. Early in the film, the character resembles a boy dressed in his father's oversized clothing. By the end, Bernie is not only wearing the right size suit, but he has accessorized it with a brightly colored shirt and tie that represent his sunnier disposition. Lighting schemes designed by cinematographer Jim Whitaker also contributed to documenting Bernie's progression. In early scenes, his face is kept in the shadows, but later he is filmed in a spotlight and backlit to make him stand out from everything behind him.

The Golden Phoenix Reno, which was already scheduled for a total condominium refurbishment, was used as the interior of the Shangri-La. The Golden Phoenix was finally closed for building rehab in 2006, and since2006 there has been a complete conversion to condominiums, which are named The Montage. Golden Phoenix Reno casino employees and Reno locals were used extensively in the filming of The Cooler. The hotel buildings demolished during the closing credits are the Aladdin, the Sands, the Landmark, and the Dunes hotels.

The song 'Almost Like Being in Love', used to mark Bernie's transition from mournful sad sack to winner, was written by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner for the stage musicalBrigadoon.

According to the 2006 documentary filmThis Film Is Not Yet Rated, the MPAA originally rated the film NC-17 because of a glimpse of Maria Bello's pubic hair during a sex scene. An edited version rated R was released in theaters. A director's cut has been broadcast by the Independent Film Channel and Cinemax.

The Cooler, budgeted at under $4 million, grossed $8,291,572 in the United States and $2,173,216 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $10,464,788.^[1]The Cooler earned about $40 million more with DVD and online sales.

Critical reception[edit]

The film received generally positive reviews from critics with considerable praise for Alec Baldwin's performance. Writing for The New York Times, A. O. Scott said, 'The setting ... is a little tired, and the premise is pretty hokey. Mr. Kramer, rather than trying to discover anything new, is content to recycle familiar characters and story lines. The script ... and the direction are skillful, if occasionally gimmicky ... Luckily this picture is rescued from cliché by the quality of the acting, and Mr. Kramer wisely gives the actors room to work.'^[2]

On Rotten Tomatoes the film a has a 77% 'Certified Fresh' approval rating based on 174 reviews, with an average rating of 6.75/10. The site's consensus reads: 'A small movie elevated by superb performances.'^[3] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 36 reviews, indicating 'generally positive reviews'.^[4]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film 'has a strange way of being broad and twisted at the same time, so that while we surf the surface of the story, unexpected developments are stirring beneath ... This is a movie without gimmicks, hooks or flashy slickness ... The acting is on the money, the writing has substance, the direction knows when to evoke film noir and when ... to get fancy.'^[5]

In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers rated the film 3½ out of a possible four stars and added, 'Wayne Kramer, who co-wrote the scrappy script with Frank Hannah, makes a potent directing debut and strikes gold with the cast... Top of the line is Baldwin, whose revelatory portrayal of an old Vegas hard-liner in thrall to the town's faded allure is the stuff Oscars are made of. From James Whitaker's seductive camerawork to Mark Isham's lush score, The Cooler places all the smart bets and hits the jackpot.'^[6]

Mark Holcomb of The Village Voice said, 'Taking a page from the Sin City cinema revisionist's handbook, The Cooler mimics the Vegas insider's perspective of Casino (without Scorsese's fetishistic attention to detail), the seedy/saccharine insouciance of FX's Lucky (devoid of quirky chutzpah), and the couch-potato glitz of NBC's Las Vegas ... What's left never gels as fantasy, drama, or romantic comedy... [the] film never amounts to more than a cute idea stretched to poker-chip thinness.'^[7]

Awards and nominations[edit]

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Wins

• National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor (Alec Baldwin, winner)
• Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture (Maria Bello, winner)
• Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor (Baldwin, winner)
• Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor (Baldwin, winner)

Nominations

• Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Baldwin, nominee)
• Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (Baldwin, nominee)
• Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture (Bello, nominee)
• Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama (William H. Macy, nominee)
• Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Baldwin, nominee)
• Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (Frank Hannah and Wayne Kramer, nominees)
• Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture (Baldwin, nominee)
• Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture (Bello, nominee)

References[edit]

1. ^The Cooler at TheNumbers.com
2. ^Scott, A. O. (26 November 2003). 'FILM REVIEW; To a Guy Who Banks on Bad Luck, Good Luck Can Be Bad'. The New York Times.
3. ^The Cooler at Rotten Tomatoes
4. ^'The Cooler'. Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
5. ^Ebert, Roger. 'The Cooler movie review & film summary (2003)'. Chicago Sun-Times.
6. ^'Rolling Stone review'. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
7. ^'Village Voice review'. Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-03-02.

External links[edit]

• The Cooler on IMDb
• The Cooler at AllMovie
• The Cooler at Box Office Mojo

Q is a fictional character in the James Bond films and film novelisations. Q (standing for Quartermaster), like M, is a job title rather than a name. He is the head of Q Branch (or later Q Division), the fictional research and development division of the British Secret Service. The use of letters as pseudonyms for senior officers in the British Secret Intelligence Service was started by its first director Captain Sir Mansfield George Smith-Cumming (1859–1923) who signed himself with a C written in green ink.^[1]

Q has appeared in 21 of the 24 Eon Productions James Bond films, the exceptions being Live and Let Die, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. The character was also featured in both non-Eon Bond films, Casino Royale (1967) and Never Say Never Again (1983).

Novels[edit]

The character Q never appears in the novels by the author Ian Fleming, where only Q and the Q Branch are mentioned;^[2] although Q does appear in the novelisations by Christopher Wood, and the later novels by John Gardner and Raymond Benson who adopted Eon's decision to combine the character with Major Boothroyd, the armourer from Dr. No.

In John Gardner's novels, the post of Q is taken over by Ann Reilly (called Q'ute by her colleagues). She also forms a relationship with Bond. It is supposed that she held the post for a short while only, because Raymond Benson's novels return Boothroyd to the post without explanation. Jeffrey Deaver's Carte Blanche introduces the character Sanu Hirani, who is referred to as 'Q' in that novel.

Charles Fraser-Smith is widely credited as the inspiration for Q^[3] due to the spy gadgets he built for the Special Operations Executive. These were called Q-devices, after the Royal Navy's World War IQ-ships. In the Fleming novels there are frequent references to Q and Q Branch with phrases like 'see Q for any equipment you need' (Casino Royale) and 'Q Branch would handle all of that' (Diamonds Are Forever), with a reference to 'Q's craftsmen' in From Russia, with Love.

Major Boothroyd[edit]

In the sixth novel, Dr. No, the service armourer Major Boothroyd appears for the first time. Fleming named the character after Geoffrey Boothroyd, a firearms expert who lived in Glasgow,^[4] who had written to the novelist suggesting that Bond was not using the best firearms available.

Ann Reilly[edit]

Boothroyd is also referenced occasionally in the Bond novels of John Gardner, but the author preferred instead to focus on a new character, Ann Reilly, who is introduced in the first Gardner novel, Licence Renewed and promptly dubbed 'Q'ute' by Bond.

Films[edit]

Major Boothroyd appears in Dr. No and in the script of From Russia with Love. Desmond Llewelyn stated that, although he was credited as playing 'Major Boothroyd' in the latter film, his name as said by M was replaced with 'the equipment officer', as director Terence Young stated that Boothroyd was a different character.^[5]

Beginning in Guy Hamilton's Goldfinger and in each film thereafter Major Boothroyd is most often referred to as Q; however, in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) he is referred to once again as Major Boothroyd in dialogue.^[6]

In most films in which Q appears, he is restricted to a 'behind the scenes' involvement, either based in London or in secret bases out in the field. Two notable exceptions in which Q becomes directly involved in Bond's missions occur in Octopussy, in which Q actually participates in field work—including the final battle against the villain's henchmen—and Licence to Kill in which he joins Bond in the field after 007 goes rogue.

Eon Productions[edit]

Peter Burton: 1962 (as 'Major Boothroyd')[edit]

In the first film, Dr. No, Boothroyd is played by Peter Burton in only one scene, in which he replaces Bond's .25 ACP Beretta 418 pistol with the signature .32 Walther PPK handgun. He is referred to by M as 'the armourer,' and later as Major Boothroyd. Scheduling conflicts prevented Burton from reprising the role in From Russia with Love, although he made two later uncredited appearances in Bond films, first as an RAF officer in Thunderball (1965) and later as a secret agent in the satirical Casino Royale (1967).^[7]

Desmond Llewelyn: 1963–1999[edit]

Beginning with From Russia with Love, Desmond Llewelyn portrayed the character in every official film except Live and Let Die until his death in 1999. In the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me, as Q delivered the underwater Lotus, Major Anya Amasova / Agent XXX (Barbara Bach) greets Q as 'Major Boothroyd'.

Starting with Goldfinger, the notion that Bond and Q would have an often strained relationship with each other was introduced by Guy Hamilton; it continued in the series thereafter. While briefing Bond on the gadgets that he is going to use on his mission, Q often expresses irritation and impatience at Bond's short attention span, often telling him to 'pay attention, 007', and Bond's playful lack of respect for his equipment, telling the agent, 'I never joke about my work, 007'. In Thunderball, Bond can be heard muttering 'Oh no' when Q joins him in the Bahamas. A running gag appeared in later films where Q's prized gadget would be destroyed in a mishap often caused by necessity or Bond's recklessness – examples include the Glastron jet boat in Moonraker (Bond sends it over the Iguazu Falls to escape pursuit by Jaws), the Aston Martin Vantage in The Living Daylights (Bond is forced to prime its self-destruct device in order to evade the Czech police forces), and the BMW Z8 in The World Is Not Enough – which is cut in half by a helicopter buzz-saw.

However, on occasion, Q has shown a warm and fatherly concern for 007's welfare, such as at Bond's wedding in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, when he assures Bond that he is available if Bond ever requires his help. Q has also assisted Bond in a more active role in his missions in Octopussy, remaining to aid Bond in person even after another ally is killed, and Licence to Kill saw him travel to assist Bond while he is officially on leave from MI6 even after Bond has resigned from MI6 to pursue his own vendetta. He frequently refers to Bond as '007', rather than by his name. In GoldenEye, Q shares a joke with Bond for the first time, and in The World Is Not Enough when he reveals his plan to retire, Bond is saddened at the prospect. Q signs off with 'Now pay attention, 007,' and then offers some words of advice:

Q: 'I've always tried to teach you two things: First, never let them see you bleed.'
Bond: 'And the second?'
Q: 'Always have an escape plan.' – before he is lowered out of view.

This was the final film appearance of Desmond Llewelyn as Q in the James Bond series, although he would revive the role once again as Q in a Heineken commercial, a TV cross-promotion for The World Is Not Enough. Llewelyn died in a car crash just weeks after the film's release. Between films he also starred as Q in various commercials for a diversity of products and companies. These included Bond collectable merchandise, TV3, Hyundai motorcars, LG video recorders, Highland Superstores, Visa credit cards, and Reach electric toothbrushes, the latter of which featured Q briefing himself in the mirror.

Featured in

Films:

• From Russia with Love (1963)
• Goldfinger (1964)
• Thunderball (1965)
• You Only Live Twice (1967)
• On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
• Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
• The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
• The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
• Moonraker (1979)
• For Your Eyes Only (1981)
• Octopussy (1983)
• A View to a Kill (1985)
• The Living Daylights (1987)
• Licence to Kill (1989)
• GoldenEye (1995)
• Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
• The World Is Not Enough (1999)

Video games:

• The Living Daylights (1987) (ZX Spectrum 007 Action Pack only; on narration tape, not in-game)
• Tomorrow Never Dies (1999) (Likeness only, voiced by Miles Anderson)
• 007: The World Is Not Enough (2000) (Likeness only, Nintendo 64 version only, voiced by Miles Anderson)
• 007 Racing (2000) (Archival footage, voiced by Miles Anderson)
• James Bond 007: Nightfire (2002) (Likeness only, voiced by Gregg Berger)
• James Bond 007: From Russia with Love (2005) (Likeness only, voiced by Phil Proctor)

Llewelyn also portrays Q in the Eon Productions-produced 1967 TV special Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond, as well as portraying Q in the documentary Highly Classified: The World of 007, which is included on the Tomorrow Never Dies Ultimate Edition DVD. Llewelyn's likeness was also used to portray the Q character in 2005's video game James Bond 007: From Russia with Love, though the voice of Q was portrayed by Phil Proctor. Llewelyn has appeared in more Bond films — seventeen — than any other actor to date.

John Cleese: 1999 (as 'R'), 2002 (as Q)[edit]

In The World Is Not Enough an assistant to Q was introduced, played by John Cleese. His real name was never revealed, but he was initially credited as 'R' in The World Is Not Enough, stemming from a joke in which Bond asks the elder Q: 'If you're Q, does that make him R?'

Between films, Cleese was still referred to as 'R' in the video games007: The World is Not Enough (2000), 007 Racing (2000) and Agent Under Fire (2001). He was officially referred to as 'Q' in Die Another Day (2002) following Llewelyn's death in 1999. In 2004, Cleese was featured as Q in the video game James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing.^[8]

Much like his predecessor, R is a consummate professional who is frequently annoyed by Bond's cavalier attitude. In Die Another Day, Bond at first refers to R as 'Quartermaster' but, silently impressed by the gadgets he is given, calls him 'Q' at the end of their meeting. (The Die Another Day DVD reveals that Bond initially saw R as an 'interloper', only awarding the proper title of 'Q' after R has proven himself.)

According to an interview on the Die Another Day DVD, Pierce Brosnan was very glad to rename Cleese's character 'Q', rather than 'R', because his native Irish accent made it difficult to pronounce 'R' with a convincing English accent.

In the 007 video game, James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, Cleese's Q has an assistant, Miss Nagai, portrayed by Misaki Ito.

Featured in

Films:

• The World Is Not Enough (1999) (as R)
• Die Another Day (2002) (as Q)

Video games;

• 007: The World Is Not Enough (2000) (as R)
• 007 Racing (2000) (as R)
• Agent Under Fire (2001) (as R)
• Everything or Nothing (2004)
• 007 Scene It (board game)

Ben Whishaw: 2012–present[edit]

The character of Q did not appear in 2006's Casino Royale or its sequel, Quantum of Solace (2008). Bond actor Daniel Craig expressed concern over the character's absence, and expressed his hope that Q would return in Skyfall.^[9] In November 2011, it was announced that British actor Ben Whishaw had been cast in the role.^[10] Bond first meets Q in front of a painting at a museum, where he at first expresses disbelief at the relative youth of his new quartermaster, but the two quickly earn each others' respect. In Skyfall, Q's gadgets were comparatively simple, consisting of a miniaturized radio and a gun coded to Bond's palmprint so only Bond could fire it. When Bond appears a little disappointed, Q comments 'Were you expecting an exploding pen? We don't really go in for that anymore,' in reference to a miniature grenade featured in GoldenEye. Q is demonstrated to be highly knowledgeable on the subject of computer security to the point where he designed some of the most sophisticated security protocols in existence. However, he is also somewhat short-sighted; while engrossed in the puzzle of a security system set up by Raoul Silva, the film's main antagonist, he is unaware that he is inadvertently facilitating Silva's escape from MI6 custody until Silva actually escapes. As with Desmond Llewelyn's Q, he also gets frustrated with Bond's knack for damaging or destroying the gadgets – at the end of Skyfall the Aston Martin DB5 is burned out in the final showdown with Silva.

In Spectre, Q injects Bond with 'smart blood' which will allow MI6 to track him at all times. He then shows off an Aston Martin DB10 to Bond only to disappoint him by revealing it was reassigned to 009. He provides Bond with a new watch, while hinting the alarm is 'rather loud' (eventually revealed to be explosive in the film's climax). He also oversees the restoration of Bond's Aston Martin DB5 after the events of Skyfall. Bond requests Q help him disappear during his downtime: despite initial reluctance, Q agrees and helps Bond. Bond later steals (and ultimately destroys) the DB10, much to Q's dismay, although he still covers for him when M asks Q where Bond has gone. Similar to Q's assistance to Bond in 1989's Licence to Kill, Q travels to Austria to help him in the field independent of MI6. While there, he outruns SPECTRE agents after a ring he eventually decodes, revealing the organisation's existence. Q returns to London to assist Miss Moneypenny and M in foiling corrupt MI6 bureaucrat Max Denbeigh's launch of the Nine Eyes intelligence network. At the end he provides Bond with his remodelled Aston Martin DB5.

Featured inFilms:

• Skyfall (2012)
• Spectre (2015)
• No Time to Die (2021)

Non-Eon films[edit]

Geoffrey Bayldon: 1967[edit]

In the 1967 version of Casino Royale, Q is portrayed by Geoffrey Bayldon, but instead of outfitting James Bond, he provides gadgets for Evelyn Tremble (who is portrayed by Peter Sellers). In the film, Q is assisted by Fordyce (John Wells). The sequence parodies the regular series' outfitting, and features Q presenting Tremble with an elaborate bullet-proof vest, laden with preposterous features ('a Beretta in the buttonhole, and a cute little mini-gun in the gusset').

Featured in

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• Casino Royale (1967)

Alec McCowen: 1983[edit]

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In the 1983 film Never Say Never Again, Bond received his gadgets from a man (played by Alec McCowen) he referred as Algernon and Algy. His opening line is 'Nice to know old Q can still surprise you 00s,' indicating that Q is an unseen character. In sharp contrast to the personality of Q in EON film series, Algy hopes to hear about 'Lots of sex and violence' from James Bond following his mission. In the closing credits, he is named as 'Q' Algy. Q Branch itself is depicted as underfunded and ramshackle compared to the high-tech surroundings of the Eon films.

Featured in

Cast From Casino

• Never Say Never Again (1983)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Judd, Alan, The Quest for C: Mansfield Cumming and the founding of the British Secret Service
2. ^Griswold, John (2006). Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories. AuthorHouse. pp. 25–26. ISBN978-1-4259-3100-1.
3. ^'Careful Carruthers That Paper Clip Is Loaded'. New Scientist. 14 August 1993. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
4. ^Macintyre, Ben (5 April 2008). 'Was Ian Fleming the real 007?'. The Times. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
5. ^'Desmond Llewelyn'. Follyfoot-tv.co.uk. 19 December 1999. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
6. ^Chapman 2000, p. 293. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChapman2000 (help)
7. ^'Peter Burton'. www.aveleyman.com.
8. ^'James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing (2003 Video Game)'. imdb.com. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
9. ^'Daniel Craig talks about the future of JAMES BOND'. Collider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
10. ^'Ben Whishaw cast as Q in new James Bond film Skyfall'. BBC Online. BBC. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2011.

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